Vocabulary : Suffixes

Suffixes

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word which makes a new word.

words	suffix	new words
forget, use	-ful	forgetful, useful
state, govern	-ment	statement, government
complicate, create	-ion	complication, creation

The new word is most often a different word class from the original word. In the table above, the suffix –ful has changed verbs to adjectives, –ment, and –ion have changed verbs to nouns. If you see a word ending in –ment, for example, it is likely to be a noun (e.g. commitment, contentment).

Suffixes : spelling

Often, the suffix causes a spelling change to the original word. In the table above, the -e ending of complicate and create disappears when the –ion suffix is added. Other examples of spelling changes include:

1. beauty, duty + -ful → beautiful, dutiful (-y changes to i)
2. heavy, ready + -ness → heaviness, readiness (-y changes to i)
3. able, possible + -ity → ability, possibility (-le changes to il)
4. permit, omit + -ion → permission, omission (-t changes to ss)

A good learner’s dictionary will give you information on the correct spelling of words with suffixes.

Common suffixes and examples

Noun suffixes

suffix	examples of nouns
-age	baggage, village, postage
-al	arrival, burial, deferral
-ance/-ence	reliance, defence, insistence
-dom	boredom, freedom, kingdom
-ee	employee, payee, trainee
-er/-or	driver, writer, director
-hood	brotherhood, childhood, neighbourhood
-ism	capitalism, Marxism, socialism (philosophies)
-ist	capitalist, Marxist, socialist (followers of philosophies)
-ity/-ty	brutality, equality, cruelty
-ment	amazement, disappointment, parliament
-ness	happiness, kindness, usefulness
-ry	entry, ministry, robbery
-ship	friendship, membership, workmanship
-sion/-tion/-xion	expression, population, complexion

Adjective suffixes

suffix	examples of adjectives
-able/-ible	drinkable, portable, flexible
-al	brutal, formal, postal
-en	broken, golden, wooden
-ese	Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ful	forgetful, helpful, useful
-i	Iraqi, Pakistani, Yemeni
-ic	classic, Islamic, poetic
-ish	British, childish, Spanish
-ive	active, passive, productive
-ian	Canadian, Malaysian, Peruvian
-less	homeless, hopeless, useless
-ly	daily, monthly, yearly
-ous	cautious, famous, nervous
-y	cloudy, rainy, windy

Verb suffixes

suffix	examples of verbs
-ate	complicate, dominate, irritate
-en	harden, soften, shorten
-ify	beautify, clarify, identify
-ise/-ize	economise, realise, industrialize (-ise is most common in British English; -ize is most common in American English)

Adverb suffixes

suffix	examples of adverbs
-ly	calmly, easily, quickly
-ward(s)	downwards, homeward(s), upwards
-wise	anti-clockwise, clockwise, edgewise

Suffixes Video

AVOID PLASTICS – Unit 2

“It is time to say no to plastic”

1) Plastic is not a strange product to anyone. It’s everywhere in the present world and it has become a part of our life. Alexander Parkes created the first man-made plastic. He demonstrated it in an International Exhibition in London. He named it as Parkesine.

2) The common and wide use of plastic is mainly because it is inexpensive, it is long-lasting and it is easy to make. This substance can be moulded into any form by heating and it can be retained in that particular form when cooled. It can be made into thin and light material which is now widely used to make hard and disposable carry bags or packing materials.

mould : give a shape to, ರೂಪ ನೀಡುವುದು
disposable : meant to be used once and thrown, ಬಳಸಿ ಬಿಸಾಡುವ

3) These qualities cause threat to the environment. As it is cheap and easily available, people dispose plastic everywhere. Plastic stays on the earth’s surface for many centuries as it is long-lasting and is impossible to decompose.

enormous – very large, huge, ಬಹಳ ದೊಡ್ಡದಾದ

hazards – risky, dangerous, ಅಪಾಯಕರವಾದ

migration – move from one place to another, ಒಂದು ಸ್ಥಳದಿಂದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಸ್ಥಳಕ್ಕೆ ವಲಸೆ ಹೋಗುವುದು

It ultimately causes enormous environmental hazards. Due to migration, plastic pollution is highly concentrated in big cities. When these are thrown after use, they remain in the soil in the same form as they are non-biodegradable.

4) Plastic causes serious damage to the environment at every stage of its production or even in its disposal. To reduce the risks involved in plastic, the usage should be minimized which can result in production. The chemical that is used in the production of plastics is toxic and can cause serious damage to all living beings.

toxic – poisonous, ವಿಷಕಾರಿ
recycling – convert waste to reusable material, ಮರುಬಳಕೆ
global warming – the increase in temperature of earth’s atmosphere, ಜಾಗತಿಕ ತಾಪಮಾನ

Even recycling of plastic causes problems. The worst thing is that recycling degrades the quality of plastic and demands the production of more plastic to make an original product. A single plastic sheet can take about thousand years to rot. It also has bad impact on the food chain. Plastic is one of the causes for global warming.

5) Rivers have become the main dumping ground for plastics which pollute water, marine life and also the air that we breathe. Many are being profited by plastic. Those who get profit from plastics are trying to dispute the harm that it causes. You can’t completely stop the use of plastic but can definitely minimize its production. For a healthy future, the use of plastic should be minimized at any cost.

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KSEEB Solutions for Class 7 English Prose Chapter 2 Avoid Plastics